Are recruiters learning about the real you from your resume?

No. But their interpretations determine your future, not the truth:

Research shows recruiters infer dispositional characteristics from job applicantsâ resumes and use these inferences in evaluating applicantsâ employability. However, the reliability and validity of these inferences have not been empirically tested. Using data collected from 244 recruiters, we found low levels of estimated interrater reliability when they reviewed entry-level applicantsâ resumes and made inferences regarding applicantsâ personality traits. Moreover, when recruitersâ inferences of applicant personality were correlated with applicantsâ actual Big Five personality scores, results indicated that recruitersâ inferences lacked validity, with the possible exceptions of extraversion and openness to experience. Finally, despite being largely unreliable and invalid, recruitersâ inferences of applicantsâ extraversion, openness to experience, and conscientiousness predicted the recruitersâ subsequent employability assessments of the applicants.

Source: “Recruitersâ Inferences of Applicant Personality Based on Resume Screening: Do Paper People have a Personality?” from JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND PSYCHOLOGY, Volume 24, Number 1, 5-18.