Some male-related statistics for Germany (2022) lightning_palm September 11, 2022 83 upvotes /r/LeftWingMaleAdvocates I was asked to gather some data for Germany. It's not finished, but I couldn't wait to share it. It will be edited accordingly or a new one will be created. Homelessness Housed ("wohnungslos") Year 2022 according to Destatis (2022): 62 % male, 37 % female, 1 % other (178,000 total); not included: persons who live with friends, relatives, or acquaintances, as well as rough sleepers Year 2020 estimate according to BAG W (2021): 67 % male, 33 % female (256,000 total); not included: homeless people NOT in the social support system as well as homeless recognized refugees (for the latter the number is 161,000) Sources: German Federal Statistical Office (Destatis). (2022, July 14). Ende Januar 2022 rund 178 000 untergebrachte wohnungslose Personen in Deutschland: Erstmals bundesweite Statistik untergebrachter wohnungsloser Personen veröffentlicht. Website of the Federal Statistical Office of Germany (Destatis). https://www.destatis.de/DE/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2022/07/PD22_299_229.html Bundesarbeitsgemeinschaft Wohnungslosenhilfe (BAG W). (2021, December 21). Steigende Zahl Wohnungsloser im Wohnungslosensektor, Wohnungslosigkeit anerkannter Geflüchteter sinkt. https://www.bagw.de/fileadmin/bagw/media/Doc/PRM/PRM_2022_BAG_W_Schaetzung.pdf Not housed/rough sleepers ("obdachlos") Info: No official statistic for rough sleepers, only estimates by the "Bundesarbeitsgemeinschaft Wohnungslosenhilfe e. V." (Federal Working Group for Assistance to the Homeless e. V.) Year 2020 estimate according to BAG W (2021): 45,000 yearly rough sleepers (unfortunately not disaggregated by sex; data from other countries suggest that the sex disparity is much greater for rough sleepers than housed homeless people, setting a lower bound at 67 % male, 33 % female; see the last section) Source: Bundesarbeitsgemeinschaft Wohnungslosenhilfe (BAG W). (2021, December 21). Steigende Zahl Wohnungsloser im Wohnungslosensektor, Wohnungslosigkeit anerkannter Geflüchteter sinkt. https://www.bagw.de/fileadmin/bagw/media/Doc/PRM/PRM_2022_BAG_W_Schaetzung.pdf Drug and Alcohol Abuse Drug-related deaths (all drugs) Year 2016: 84% male, 16% female, 1,333 total Source: Drogen- und Suchtbericht 2017. (2017). Drogenbeauftragte der Bundesregierung Deutschland. https://www.bundesgesundheitsministerium.de/fileadmin/Dateien/5_Publikationen/Drogen_und_Sucht/Broschueren/Drogen-_und_Suchtbericht_2017.pdf Smoking Info: Smoking is the largest preventable health risk; in 2018, 127,000 people died as a result of smoking, i.e. 13.3% of all deaths in Germany Smokers year 2019: 26.4 % of males, 20.2 % of females (14.4 million total) Exposure to secondhand smoke year 2014/2015: 14.7 % of men, 8.3 % of women Sources: Jahresbericht der Drogenbeauftragten 2020. (2020). Drogenbeauftragte der Bundesregierung Deutschland. https://www.bundesdrogenbeauftragter.de/assets/user_upload/DSB_2020_final_bf.pdf Drogen- und Suchtbericht 2019. (2019). Drogenbeauftragte der Bundesregierung Deutschland. https://www.bundesgesundheitsministerium.de/fileadmin/Dateien/5_Publikationen/Drogen_und_Sucht/Berichte/Broschuere/Drogen-_und_Suchtbericht_2019_barr.pdf Alcohol Risky alcohol consumption: ~18 % of males, ~14 % of females; this discrepancy between men and women is particularly pronounced in people with low social status; the diagnosis "mental and behavioral disorders caused by alcohol" is the most common reason for hospitalization in men Hospitalizations with the primary diagnosis "mental and behavioral disorders caused by alcohol" year 2016: 73 % (234,785) male and 27 % (87,820) female Deaths attributable to alcohol in 2012 (entirely or related illnesses): ~21,000 people aged 15 to 64 (~76 % male, ~24 % female) Source: Drogen- und Suchtbericht 2019. (2019). Drogenbeauftragte der Bundesregierung Deutschland. https://www.bundesgesundheitsministerium.de/fileadmin/Dateien/5_Publikationen/Drogen_und_Sucht/Berichte/Broschuere/Drogen-_und_Suchtbericht_2019_barr.pdf Cannabis Info: Cannabis users make up the majority of those treated for first-time illicit substance use Recorded treatment cases year 2017: 28,518 outpatient treatment cases, 2,893 inpatient treatment cases; men accounted for 84%, and women for 16% Source: Drogen- und Suchtbericht 2019. (2019). Drogenbeauftragte der Bundesregierung Deutschland. https://www.bundesgesundheitsministerium.de/fileadmin/Dateien/5_Publikationen/Drogen_und_Sucht/Berichte/Broschuere/Drogen-_und_Suchtbericht_2019_barr.pdf Opioid Estimate of the number of opioid addicts year 2017: 75% (124,000) male, 25% (42,000) female; 166,000 toal Source: Drogen- und Suchtbericht 2019. (2019). Drogenbeauftragte der Bundesregierung Deutschland. https://www.bundesgesundheitsministerium.de/fileadmin/Dateien/5_Publikationen/Drogen_und_Sucht/Berichte/Broschuere/Drogen-_und_Suchtbericht_2019_barr.pdf Internet Gaming Risky use among employees year 2018/2019: 8.5% of males, 4.5% of females Internet gaming disorder among employees year 2018/2019: 1.3% of males, 0.7% of females Source: Drogen- und Suchtbericht 2019. (2019). Drogenbeauftragte der Bundesregierung Deutschland. https://www.bundesgesundheitsministerium.de/fileadmin/Dateien/5_Publikationen/Drogen_und_Sucht/Berichte/Broschuere/Drogen-_und_Suchtbericht_2019_barr.pdf Gambling Info: Slightly more than half a million people engage in problem or pathological gambling behavior; respondents prefer internet casino games, slot machines, bingo, sports betting, and casino slot machines; young men with a migration background are most affected Problem or pathological gambling behavior among adolecents (16-17 years)/adults (18-70 years)/all age groups: 1.21%/1.19%/1.19% of males, 0.0%/0.54%/0.53% of females Source: Drogen- und Suchtbericht 2019. (2019). Drogenbeauftragte der Bundesregierung Deutschland. https://www.bundesgesundheitsministerium.de/fileadmin/Dateien/5_Publikationen/Drogen_und_Sucht/Berichte/Broschuere/Drogen-_und_Suchtbericht_2019_barr.pdf Suicide Year 2019: 75.7 % (6842) male, 24.3 % (2199) female; after accounting for the proportion of males and females in the population, suicide was the cause of death for ~1:68 deaths among men and ~1:215 deaths among women; that yields a factor of >3.16 Trend from 1980 to 2019: Long-term data from 1980 to 2019 show that the decline in suicides was greater among females (-67.0 %) than among males (-42.0 %); in 1980, the proportion of men who committed suicide was 63.9%, while in 2019, that number increased to 75.7% Source: Schelhase, T. (2021, December 28). Suicides in Germany: results from the official cause of death statistics. Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz, 65(1), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-021-03470-2 Intimate Partner Violence TODO: Look for recent police reports; the following data are largely derived from surveys uncovering dark figures Report 2004 (pilot study by Germany's Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women, and Youth) Info: At the time of the report's release, gender symmetry in IPV (intimate partner violence) was still a hotly debated topic; to answer the question of whether partner violence is symmetrical between men and women, the latter states that future research should be conducted with more representative samples and include questions about whether the violence was mutual, who started it, and who did or did not fight back Police reports year 2001: 11.7 % female perpetrators and male victims for intentional slight bodily injury and 24.3 % for dangerous and grievous bodily harm Reasons for men's reluctance to report IPV: The report suggests that the results obtained from their expert interviews explain why men are reluctant to disclose their victimization experience; namely that male victims are often not believed which prevents them from seeking help, calling the police, or filing a complaint Specifically, the report mentions: lack of awareness of the injustice of male victimization by women the stereotype that a man can't be a victim shame of the victims the fear of not being believed and even being believed to be the perpetrator when the reverse is the case (e.g., by police) fear that the female partner takes revenge (e.g., more violence against him or his children) or that she takes actions against which he feels helpless because of his gender (e.g., withdrawal of his children, counter-accusation for which she is more likely to be believed according to her firm conviction) resulting in fear of losing contact with children and fear of loneliness hope that the female partner changes desire to keep the family together or fear of harming the children Bavarian dark figure survey by Lamnek & Ottermann (2004) year 2002: 4.6 % (57) of men, 3.4 % (42) of women were victims of IPV; men are significantly less likely than women to report IPV violence to friends, police, and other agencies; 1.1 % of men and 2.2 % of women sustained an injury Prevalence of sexual aggression perpetration of men and women (according to Spitzberg, 1999) for rape / attempted rape / sexual assault / sexual coercion / sexual solicitation: 4.7 % / 10.8 % / 8.9 % / 13.4 % / 24.0 % for male perpetrators and 3.0 % / no data available, 6.0 % / 8.8 % / 29.0 % for female perpetrators Additionally: 1 in 4 men experienced at least one act of physical violence by their current partner on one or more occasions ~20% had ever been afraid of being seriously or life-threateningly injured in one or more of these situations No one called the police, although 5 thought that his partner should be punished for it and 11 described what happened as violence ~50% said they had never physically fought back against this partner in such situations, for example hitting back ~67% stated that they had never been the first to physically attack their partner in such situations, for example by hitting her first Source: Lenz, Hans-Joachim, Jungnitz, Ludger, Puchert, Ralf, Puhe, Henry, & Walter, Willi. (2004). Gewalt gegen Männer: Personale Gewaltwiderfahrnisse von Männern in Deutschland. Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (BMFSFJ). https://www.bmfsfj.de/resource/blob/84590/a3184b9f324b6ccc05bdfc83ac03951e/studie-gewalt-maenner-langfassung-data.pdf Note: This study includes a lot more, such as who struck first, resulting injuries, frequency, psychological violence (including financial control), many interesting case histories (including the use of children to control a partner), etc. Report 2013 (DEGS study by the Robert Koch Institute, a German federal government agency and research institute responsible for disease control and prevention) Perpetration prevalence: Many more women (1.3 %) than men (0.3 %) reported perpetrating physical intimate partner violence; additionally, 3.8% of women and 2.8% of men reported perpetrating psychological violence against their partners Victimization prevalence: 1.2 % of women and 0.9 % of men reported being victims of physical intimate partner violence; additionally, 6.1 % of women and 3.3 % of men reported being victims of psychological intimate partner violence Experienced stress: The stress experienced as a result of physical and psychological violence was significantly higher among men, especially in the category of domestic violence (the authors examined other types of violence as well); women reported a higher overall experience of injustice after experiencing violence than men Source: Schlack, R., Rüdel, J., Karger, A., & Hölling, H. (2013, May). Körperliche und psychische Gewalterfahrungen in der deutschen Erwachsenenbevölkerung. Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz, 56(5–6), 755–764. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-013-1691-8 Report 2014 (as part of the Evangelical Church of Germany's "Wir sinds leid" ("We are tired of it") men's work program) Perpetration prevalence: Men (34.5 %) and women (30.4 %) were about equally violent Victimization prevalence: Men (45 %) and women (44 %) were about equally victimized Source: Döge, P. (2012, November 20). Männer - die ewigen Gewalttäter?: Gewalt von und gegen Männer in Deutschland (German Edition) (2. Aufl. 2013). Springer VS. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-531-19665-7 See also Info: This very recent report from Switzerland (which is presumably comparable to Germany) finds comparable rates of intimate partner violence victimization between men and women, both for psychological as well as physical violence Source: Baier, D., Biberstein, L., & Kliem, S. (2022, January 10). Partner violence during the COVID-19 pandemic in Switzerland. Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie, 16(1), 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11757-021-00698-1 Number of domestic violence services usable by men Men's shelters: Currently there are 12 men's shelters with 37 places throughout Germany Women's shelters: Currently there are 400 women's shelters and more than 40 "safety/refugee housing" facilities with more than 6,000 places and around 750 specialized counseling centers for violence against women Sources: Bundesfach- und Koordinierungsstelle Männergewaltschutz. (2022, September 1). Kontaktlandkarte - Männerschutzgewalt. Männergewaltschutz. Retrieved September 11, 2022, from https://www.maennergewaltschutz.de/maennerschutz-und-beratung/maennerschutzeinrichtungen/ Hilfe und Beratung bei Gewalt. (2022, August 1). BMFSFJ. Retrieved September 11, 2022, from https://www.bmfsfj.de/bmfsfj/themen/gleichstellung/frauen-vor-gewalt-schuetzen/hilfe-und-vernetzung Sexual Abuse & Rape (and the number of services usable by boys/men) Info: For data on sexual violence in partnerships, see the previous section on Intimate Partner Violence Prevalence: TODO Number of services usable by men: TODO Sources: Lenz, Hans-Joachim, Jungnitz, Ludger, Puchert, Ralf, Puhe, Henry, & Walter, Willi. (2004). Gewalt gegen Männer: Personale Gewaltwiderfahrnisse von Männern in Deutschland. Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (BMFSFJ). https://www.bmfsfj.de/resource/blob/84590/a3184b9f324b6ccc05bdfc83ac03951e/studie-gewalt-maenner-langfassung-data.pdf Krahé, Barbara & Scheinberger-Olwig, Renate & Bieneck, Steffen. (2003). Men's Reports of Nonconsensual Sexual Interactions with Women: Prevalence and Impact. Archives of sexual behavior, 32, 165-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022456626538. (thanks to u/FinallyReborn) Physical violence outside of intimate partner violence contexts, including children (and the number of services usable by boys/men) TODO Workplace Accidents Not deadly Info: The following numbers do not add up as they are relative to 100,000 persons in the respective category Year 2018: Non-fatal occupational accidents with more than 3 days absence per 100,000 persons in employment: 1,722 total, 2,453 male, 920 female Source: German Federal Statistical Office (Destatis). (n.d.). Non-fatal accidents at work. Website of the Federal Statistical Office of Germany (Destatis). Retrieved September 10, 2022 from https://www.destatis.de/EN/Themes/Labour/Labour-Market/Quality-Employment/Dimension1/1_1_NonFatalAccidents.html Deadly Year unspecified: Men account for 95.7 % of fatal accidents Source: German Federal Statistical Office (Destatis). (n.d.). Fatal accidents at work. Website of the Federal Statistical Office of Germany (Destatis). Retrieved September 10, 2022 from https://www.destatis.de/EN/Themes/Labour/Labour-Market/Quality-Employment/Dimension1/1_1_1_FatalAccidents.html Education and grading bias TODO Life expectancy and illness TODO False allegations TODO Housing discrimination TODO Source: Flage, A. (2018, September). Ethnic and gender discrimination in the rental housing market: Evidence from a meta-analysis of correspondence tests, 2006–2017. Journal of Housing Economics, 41, 251–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhe.2018.07.003 Job discrimination TODO Imprisonment TODO Conscription Discuss Art 12a GG
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