Paternal Uncertainty(PU) is one of the most controversial concept in evolutionary psychology, where most criticism of Ayawawa comes from. Many argument could be extremely offensive, I tried to post it once but mod delete me, so I would avoid some sensitive topics and focus on the concept itself. Basically, Paternal Uncertainty refers to the male fear that his child might not be his blood. In history cuckold was quite common, people who care about Paternal Uncertainty would have huge advantages so their genes are very common today. Male are more willing to invest to low PU partner, while a lot of horrible disaster could happen to high PU partner. Jews, Chinese and many other civilizations used to kill the first child at the end of group marriage era, mostly because PU at that time are so high. Today most male wouldn’t kill their child, but “resources withdraw”, cheating and domestic violence are still quite common. Of course it doesn’t mean all cheating are woman’s fault, even if you follow all traffic rules some drivers might still hit you, but running red lights or walking on highway greatly increase the chance of traffic accident. What increase PU are different between cultures, here are some examples from Ayawawa: high mate value, belittle partner’s sexual ability, claim could find someone better, wear sexy clothes(notice “sexy” != “beautiful”), be strong and independent, still keep special relation with ex, have a lot of back-ups, accept relationship easily, use female’s last name for child, etc. I need to stress that technology couldn’t change biological instinct in a short period, we have birth control but male are still more thirsty, we have monogamy law but hypergamy still exist. Even with paternity test, PU is still important for most people, for example male are still more angry about cheating than female. As a libertarian I respect free choice, but market failed miserably like US healthcare system when people don’t know the price. If female could accept being single mother or provider, which is very viable in rich countries, it’s absolutely fine to enjoy sexual freedom. However most people just don’t understand the price. I also suggest male should reduce PU requirement in new era, accept cheating and polyandry more.

Extra resources: [Part 12 Violence and Abuse in Families: The Consequences of Paternal Uncertainty] (https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=gAitxqSxOxkC&oi=fnd&pg=PA259&dq=Violence+and+Abuse+in+Families:+The+Consequences+of+Paternal+Uncertainty&ots=XnESOXRdaB&sig=-CrqYkBIAbjlWnyYB0Aj8948WUQ#v=onepage&q&f=false)

Some questions for thought: 1.Among grandparents, who would invest the most on children and who would invest the least? mother’s mother, mother’s father, father’s mother or father’s father?

2.What the real harm of rape? Which gender are more averse to rape of female? Should rape of male be a serious crime as rape of female?