Conflict Resolution For Happy Relationships
Beginning in the 1970s, Dr. Gottman and Robert Levenson systematically studied the relationship dynamics between married couples to discover the patterns that lead to success and failure. These studies reveal how emotions, conflict, personality, and more relate to the happiness and longevity of a couple. Dr. Gottman completed 12 longitudinal studies with over 3,000 couples, some followed for over 20 years. There is also an institute that carries on his work and provides counseling to couples in need.
Note: I am summarizing from the Gottman website/blog. Most of this information also applies to men but since I am writing to a female audience I will speak in terms of how women can improve their relationships with their men. If you are unmarried replace “husband” with “significant other”. Also while this information will be helpful in getting to marriage, it is designed to help couples that are invested at the highest level and are committed to honoring their vows.
Underlying Principles
Conflict is inevitable and a natural part of marriage. Gottman mostly focuses on how couples interact when in conflict and his belief is that lasting relationships occur when couples are able to properly manage conflict, with the understanding that they’ll never eliminate all of their problems.
The difference between happy and unhappy couples is the balance between positive and negative interactions during conflict. Additionally the ability of a couple to bounce back from conflict and reset completely is a strong indicator of marital success.
A “culture of appreciation” is essential in households; this means both parties are constantly showing: respect, gratitude, affection, and companionship. It also means that they focus on what is going right more than what is wrong.
The Six Skills Of Conflict Management
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Soften Startup - the first three minutes of a conflict are crucial. Avoid accusations, blame, and judgement and instead describe what is happening with a focus on the facts.
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Accept Influence - avoid strategies like distancing, attacking, and defensiveness. Remain open to your husband and adopt a yielding mindset instead of a competitive one.
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Make Effective Repairs During Conflict - acknowledge your mistakes, accept responsibility, apologise, act to lighten the mood.
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De- escalate - actively reduce tension during conflicts. This can include saying phrases like “Let me try again” in order to clarify or re-frame your statements.
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Psychological Soothing of Self and Partner - Take a timeout if necessary to calm down and reset, Gottman says 20 minutes is ideal.
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Compromise - work together to find common ground and ensure that you both feel valued, respected, and supported.
The Four Horseman Of The Apocalypse
These behaviors are strong indicators of an unsatisfying marriage that will likely end in divorce.
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Criticism is different from complaining or legitimate feedback. Criticism is a personal attack designed to make the other party feel hurt. The solution is expressing your feelings honestly and without blame using the six skills of conflict management listed above.
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Contempt is used to make the other party feel worthless. Mocking, name calling, eye rolling, mimicking, and other forms of disrespect derail conversations and even have long term effects on your health. Dr. Gottman found that more contemptuous couples suffered from weakened immune systems and were more likely to get colds, the flu,etc. This “horseman” is the #1 predictor of divorce!
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Defensiveness is defined as, “righteous indignation or innocent victimhood in an attempt to ward off a perceived attack.” Remaining self aware, accepting responsibility, and avoiding excuses are the antidotes to defensiveness.
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Stonewalling is defined as, “being unresponsive, tuning out, turning away, acting busy, or engaging in obsessive behaviors.” Withdrawing from the conversation prevents a real resolution. Psychological self soothing may be necessary if you find yourself pulling away.
The “Magic Ratio”
After years of experiments, Gottman and Levenson discovered that a stable marriage needs a ratio of 5:1 positive to negative interactions during an argument/conflict.
“When the masters of marriage are talking about something important,” Dr. Gottman says, “they may be arguing, but they are also laughing and teasing and there are signs of affection because they have made emotional connections.”
Examples Of Positive Interactions
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Display Interest - Listen, ask open ended questions, use body language to indicate that you care and are invested in the conversation.
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Express Affection - hold hands, embrace your husband, tell him that you love him, etc.
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Show How Much He Matters - demonstrate that you truly respect your husband and hold his interests on par with yours.
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Internal Appreciation - focus on the positive aspects of your marriage and your husband instead of negative thoughts.
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Find Opportunities For Agreement - “An alliance in conflict, even minor, can fundamentally shift how couples fight.”
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Empathize and Apologise - Show that you are on the same team and avoid placing blame or avoiding responsibility.
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Accept Your Partner’s Perspective - Make it clear that you understand his position instead of making assumptions or dismissing his perspective.
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Make Jokes - be careful to maintain respect while adding necessary lightness to arguments as necessary.
Other Interesting Findings From Their Research
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69% of relationship issues never get resolved because they spring from personality differences between partners.
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80% of the time, women bring up issues in heterosexual relationships.
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Male disinterest and irritability in routine conversations (e.g. going over the events of the day) more often than not leads to women initiating conflict, even if unrelated to the routine discussion. Men who take the lead in maintaining the companionship aspect of the marriage have happier marriages.
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There is a clear link between physiological measures (heart rate, skin conductance, gross motor activity, and blood velocity) during conflict and marital satisfaction. Essentially they explored how our bodies change in line with our emotions and thoughts, and found that the more couples are physically aroused in the areas listed above, the greater the decline in marital happiness, regardless of how happy they were when the relationship began. So to maintain harmony, self control and remaining calm are key!
Discussion Questions
And of course feel free to share other ideas or stories related to the subject :)
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