Never become a "Step Father"

PastaChute · 2026-06-23T23:45:56+00:00

A woman who acts like that is a bad person and would be a bad person no matter the circumstances.

Ippomasters · 2026-06-24T06:20:51+00:00

Well I'm a stepfather, but my wife became a stepmother as well. If you let yourself be disrespected how can you expect anything less in the future. You have to stop that right from the start and respect yourself and not tolerate it.

Appropriate-Major649 · 2026-06-23T21:17:28+00:00

The woman + the number of children she has = your priority in her life.

Eventually, the equation becomes

woman+number of children+number of grandchildren = your priority in her life.

The number after the equal sign just keeps getting bigger.

The hell of it is, that's how it should be. No decent mother puts anyone above her children.

These are hard cold facts.

I am a stepfather. My wife never asked me to take this on. She recognized the brutal unfairness of it and would have dated me as we were doing forever. I asked her.

Yet this rule remains in place. It cannot be otherwise.

Most of the time, marrying a single mother is a mistake.

One hundred percent of the time, marrying a single mother who expects or demands you marry her is a mistake.

Mission-Grocery-7628 · 2026-06-24T01:58:49+00:00

Married a lady after kids were out of the house. Not too bad

Then the ex passed. Even better!!!!

I enforce that all our adult children be treated the same

And i have all pre marriage accounts transfer on death to my kids along with investments

And yes, it is still clear her kids are prioritized, so i force $$ to my accts for mine

BuilderAcceptable442 · 2026-06-24T02:34:18+00:00

To be worse, single moms often ask you to give "compensation" for bad treatment they received from their ex, "because you as a man must take responsibility for your fellow men's bad behavior blablabla".

mountains-and-stars · 2026-06-24T12:42:04+00:00

This is like saying "do not marry at all" or "do not have relationships", and is a trend I see in men and women equally on the Internet: they fear each other because of bad experiences and stories. I decided to stay single (having myself a wonderful stepfather, who is my real father), but still I'm hesitant to give advice based on my fears and risk aversion (many women do the same to other women, and I don't believe most men would like being generalized as disrespectful or deceitful only because of the fears of those women). And there are many respectful women who are single mothers (like my own mother, who was a single mother during years before she married again, and is a wonderful woman).

I know that people prefer to raise their biological children over other children, but statistics reflect tendencies, and tendencies cannot predict the good or bad behaviour of many individuals (or even the majority of individuals). So I can understand your post because there are many bad and/or immature people, and bad situations like yours. And at the same time I cannot entirely agree with it, because it's not the experience of many other people (me included).

WiseForestWizard · 2026-06-24T22:46:52+00:00

I absolutely love being a step father as well as having my own bio children and view them no different. I want to be a positive influence on them and a factor in how they view a true man and a good father.

PolkaBots · 2026-06-24T00:26:28+00:00

My stepfather is one of the few men I truly respect in this world. He loved me as his own. This is a gross take

BuilderAcceptable442 · 2026-06-24T02:30:42+00:00

Ironically when men have opinion that stepfathers don't have responsibility to be breadwinner for their stepchild (because that's their biological parent's responsibility), many women be angry and say men must be responsible for their fellow men that left their wife. Don't understand the logic of these women. How could they ask responsibility from 50% of population, how could they knew why she became single mother, how could they be sure 100% the single mom is not the one that made mistakes.

sgtm7 · 2026-06-24T02:28:06+00:00

Does that mean my mother and father didn't respect each other? Since my mother was my stepmother, and my father was my sister's stepfather?

This is the most ridiculous thing I have ever heard. If a woman doesn't respect someone because they are a step father, then that woman wouldn't be worthy of respect, whether they have children or not.

I never called my mother "step mother", just mom. I never called my sister "step sister", just sister. My sister never called my dad "step dad". As my mom used to say, "If you feed them long enough, they start to look like you."

When I divorced my step daughter's mom, she was still my daughter, and I was still her dad. I am the one who walked her down the aisle when she got married, around 10 years after me and her mother were no longer together. I am the one she wishes happy Father's Day to. Children don't care about" blood", they care about "love".

DistrictDivorceCoach · 2026-06-23T21:45:46+00:00

I think it is important to know that being a stepfather isn’t for you, but I know some people who were raised by stepfathers who they really value and I know men who have taken the burden on and thrived.
We need men to step up and be stepfathers. If you want men’s rights, you will need people who were raised with men in their lives.
I’m sorry your circumstances didn’t work out, but I admire that you gave it a shot. It’s not for everyone

gowithflow192 · 2026-06-24T11:40:15+00:00

I’d say there’s one exception. If you can help a boy with no father figure to become a man.

timeforknowledge · 2026-06-24T08:02:30+00:00

I'm surprised you think this is an original comment.

No offense but when you get into a relationship with someone who has a child you must accept the fact that child will always come before you.

And if you don't understand that then have your own kids and you'll understand why. A parent has to and should do what ever is best for the child.

From the moment your child is born everyone else becomes secondary.

It sounds like you've had a bad experience because you didn't realise this.

roharareddit · 2026-06-23T21:01:49+00:00

Never a good idea.

Lilly_Rose_Kay · 2026-06-24T08:04:54+00:00

My parents gave been married for over 40 years. They both had daughters from previous marriages. My mom has a great love and respect for my dad. My half sisters call their non biological parent mom/dad.

I don't know what ordeal you went through, but be assured, it isn't the norm.

Dat_Mustache · 2026-06-24T14:38:38+00:00

I am absolutely going to reject your absolutely shitty experience and dismiss it as a flawed and fallacious philosophy.

I am a stepdad to two wonderful kids. I have two kids of my own as well. Their mom loves me to death. I love her.

Your anecdotal evidence is not gospel. It is your experience and yours alone. You're not some great stepfather sage. You're just bitter.

KissesUwU · 2026-06-24T10:04:59+00:00

I'd like to applaud this sub. I've seen us change to more respectable people over time. There was a lot of misogyny running in here a few years back and as a dude it made me a little ashamed to care about men's rights..

I'd hop in every once in a while and slowly, day by day, I've seen us be more than just hurt men with a grudge and actually start calling out bs in our own community while keeping the conversations productive. So thank you.

ricky251294 · 2026-06-25T07:48:11+00:00

The only thing you got right here is that if the mother doesn't respect you, no one else will.

Why the fuck are you dating someone who doesn't respect you, that's a you problem.

dtyler86 · 2026-06-23T22:59:42+00:00

39 here with a girlfriend that has two kids. All of my friends tell me I’m a saint for putting myself in this position. When I see my girlfriend, she typically doesn’t have her kids and we do normal couple things. When I am around her and her kids, her kids are at the age where they are fun. There are no diapers, they are tweens and teens. I teach her daughter to skateboard and play Deftones on guitar and listen to the same music I liked when I was her age together. The father cheated on my girlfriend, which is why they were divorced. He’s now remarried and he’s actually a really nice guy. There are things about him that I don’t admire, but he’s pleasant and they get along and I do not feel threatened, and he’s not weird with me at all.

I’m also a child of divorce and my parents were very messy and polarized in the way they treated each other and raised us about each other. It doesn’t always have to be that way.

My friends that are also my age stay out of serious relationships because they don’t want kids so they remain single or conflicted in their serious relationships because of the women that want babies. I just kind of skipped that whole step and jumped right to having not exactly step kids, but probably will be step kids, that are cool and are already self-sufficient.

Edits: my gosh, the worst typos.

Kaylalawmanwoods · 2026-06-24T00:41:18+00:00

My father is my stepdad because my biological father wasn't in my life he stepped into the role because his father wasn't present in his life growing up. My mother never saw my stepdad any differenter once he stepped up in that role my mom really only wanted a relationship so I could possibly have a father and have a normal stable household she loves my stepdad.

Rdr2Master1 · 2026-06-23T22:25:46+00:00

I dont want children at all anyway so im good

Suspicious-Group2363 · 2026-06-23T23:53:11+00:00

I know this sounds heartless, but I could never raise a child that isn't my own. Likewise, it would break my heart to see another man raise mine.

OmegaRed718 · 2026-06-23T23:46:55+00:00

Correct - the biggest no sum move that a man can make. Aside from this, you’re diverting your own resources to take care of someone else’s responsibilities.

Radioheader128 · 2026-06-24T00:00:22+00:00

I don't want any children. Biological or step.

ScienceAteMyKid · 2026-06-23T23:48:47+00:00

My thought is that you’ve made a sweeping generalization that has no basis in fact other than your own anecdotal experience.

Weak-Tumbleweed-3796 · 2026-06-23T21:51:13+00:00

My mother and stepfather have been married for 16 years. He's an amazing man who I love and respect a lot, family doesn't always mean blood relation. This is a really gross perspective on blended families, many step fathers are some of the most selfless, loving men out there

SpicyTunahRoll · 2026-06-25T18:45:21+00:00

I disagree and I feel this is situational. If a woman came from an abusive relationship and her son has several
Men in and out of that relationship, chances are that woman may have low expectations to start with. However, depending on the relationship and if that leads to marriage, some women marry as they yearn to be married, some women marry because they need to depend on a man on all layers such as financial, emotional dependent, lonely etc... some women marry because they truly genuinely love that man they are in love with and the man has developed a fatherly love for her child and husband's love to the mother. I've seen all kinds. Thing is, the longer a single mother who has been single for a long time (I'm talking years), they will learn dependency management on their own and they can do good all on their own. Having a man, they will test the waters but they won't be fully committed. It really depends, but I find women who had been single a long time and are more serious taking care of their own
Are very protective of their children, and may push you off just because. Almost always, just remember, single mothers who take care of children from infant to teens, their kids will be priority, not you. If the real dad is present, you are now in competition mode regardless you want that or not. It will be a game of tag so to speak.

They only times I've seen a horrible step dad role is if the dad actually tries too hard to be a great dad. Rapidly trying to win the hearts of the child and wife. Wife wants a dependable father. Who also can help her take care of household duties, choirs and Children's need.

I noticed that if a single mother has 3 or 4 year old child and meets a man, the man typically develops are fatherly
Love for the child regardless of background. That is the age for kids that are wonderful opportunities to be a parent and are old enough to bother the parents personal time. It is very tough to be in a relationship with another woman who has an infant or toddler...

Step fathers can make good dads regardless

DepressedPancake4728 · 2026-06-23T22:30:17+00:00

This sounds like projection if I'm being honest man. My stepfather is by far the man I respect the most in my life, and I'm sure my mom would say the same.

bigdonut100 · 2026-06-24T00:39:16+00:00

One of the reasons why I need to change therapists is that I told her I want to be a stay-at-home father, and she was shocked at the concept that I want to breed with a woman without kids instead of becoming a stepfather.

LiveComfortable3228 · 2026-06-23T21:48:33+00:00

'I had a bad experince' = "you too will have a bad experience"

Total BS.

sterlingemc · 2026-06-23T21:46:39+00:00

My step father was a true father to me and my siblings, him and my mom's relationship was the truest love I had ever witnessed and it taught me what a good relationship can be. I respect him more than any other man I know. The only people that are bad step fathers are flat out BAD PEOPLE OR simply not ready to take on the role of a MAN caring for a family he loves. This take says more about YOU than the take itself. If they don't have respect for you it's because you DON'T DESERVE IT.

Fit_Philosopher_2878 · 2026-06-24T16:20:38+00:00

Bro your statement is a Prejudice and you know that right ?

Majority of the single moms literally crumble for a man in their life.

Connect_Quality_2030 · 2026-06-23T22:05:22+00:00

Why do you see more "Step" Fathers than "Step" Mothers? Women know it's a bad deal. Statistics consistently show that stepfathers are far more common than stepmothers in blended families, making up the vast majority of stepparent households.

SidewaysGiraffe · 2026-06-23T23:17:06+00:00

So... women are seeking after someone to help parent their children, but "lose respect" for the men who do it? But still stay married to them?

Can we PLEASE stop with the senseless woman-bashing? They're not robots controlled by instincts; they're people, same as we are.

toblotron · 2026-06-24T05:28:35+00:00

This a wild take.

You know, many people - both men and women, have children from more than one relationship

One of the best women I know had a child before she married a friend of mine - she's spoiled him rotten, and is probably way too good for him 🙂

shopinhower · 2026-06-23T23:54:36+00:00

As someone who grew up with multiple step fathers and a step mother, most of whom were abusive to me, I have nothing but disdain for parents who can’t stay together for the sake of their kids. Hell I’d even make divorce illegal for parents of kids (until the age of 18).

Some_Opportunity_552 · 2026-06-23T21:39:24+00:00

Not for me,

DameLasNalgas · 2026-06-23T23:09:42+00:00

I agree, raising another man's kids is the ultimate cuckold behavior.

Whatcanitbe123 · 2026-06-24T07:04:53+00:00

I am a step father to a wonderful daughter. She sees me as a dad as much as i see her as ny daughter. This sub seems like its becoming really dark? This has nothing to do with mens rights, just stereotypes of bitter mens experiences.

Enough-Business-8287 · 2026-06-24T18:45:23+00:00

As someone with a PhD in data science and AI, I truly think you should come up with solid statistical data before spewing misogyny.
There are couples where the step father suffers but also couples where it works very well, a relative of mine has officially recognised his step father as his father.

On the other hand, there are also step mothers who struggle quite a lot.

Timmy98789 · 2026-06-24T01:23:05+00:00

Not playing someone else's saved game.

br33z3 · 2026-06-24T00:05:57+00:00

Wow. You are wrong and your idea of masculinity and the relationship among people is truly warped.

Budiltwo · 2026-06-23T23:13:05+00:00

Horrible take. Men can make absolutely fantastic step-fathers. Just do it with your eyes wide open and respect for yourself, your partner, and the kids.

UganadaSonic501 · 2026-06-24T03:23:30+00:00

I can wierdly relate to this,even though I have no hate or such towards my step father,as he's a good guy and all,but I could never really have any connection with him that came close to that of my father,and now thinking about it myself,I'm like,yeah but it wouldn't be my child I'd be raising which obviously no hate against the kid or the mother,idk what it is but something about this doesn't feel right :/

n0tqu1tesane · 2026-06-24T04:33:55+00:00

My uncle is a stepfather and is a well-respected person in his community.

My best friend divorced her husband after he beat her and their son. She hated her new husband so much that she had four more boys, then adopted two girls and another boy

In my own case, I was set to marry a lady with two kids; her priest told her to go back to her ex. He beat her to death.

There are a lot of stepfathers out there, you can't just lump them all into one group.

Cultural-Afternoon72 · 2026-06-24T06:40:29+00:00

I could not disagree with you more. I’m not saying women like that don’t exist, but that isn’t empirically the case. I’m a step father. I came into their life when my daughter was 14, and she’s an adult now. She’s respected me since day one and loves me greatly. She has never once disrespected me, never once treated me negatively in any way, and we’ve never once had an issue with each other. Likewise, up to the point we got married, her mother never asked me for anything in regard to our daughter. She never asked me for money, never asked me to support her in any way, and never forced the situation on me at all. Even after we were married that was true. Every step I took to get closer to our daughter, build a relationship with her, be there for her, help support her, etc was met with appreciation, admiration, and care from my wife. I’ve gotten nothing but respect, appreciation, and love from her as a result.

Becoming a step father is a MASSIVE deal… emotionally, legally, and financially. It is absolutely a situation that has the potential to go negatively, and there is massive liability and responsibility on the line. It is by no means something ANYONE should jump into or take lightly, and of course there’s opportunity for the situation to be abused or manipulated. That said, it is by no means guaranteed to go that way.

temblors · 2026-06-24T02:29:38+00:00

It's probably not the wisest decision tbh. There are plenty of women out there who don't have this baggage, so why would any man want to take on such a massive responsibility that comes with so many potential risks? The downsides really should not be ignored because it could come back to bite your ass at any moment. Even if you managed to find 'one of the good ones' your role as step-father is still subject to change at any moment if that woman changes her mind about you. Unlike a relationship where you have kids together, you don't have any real claim to that step-father role yourself.

It's funny all the stuff you hear women saying about this topic, many of them seem to think that men are somehow obligated to 'step up' and 'be a real' man and support her and her kids she has with another man. And they make so much effort to try and head trip unwitting men into supporting them. But do you as a man actually owe these women anything? Even if you do step up and try to be that real man etc. for them, it's true that subconsciously many women will start to see you as a pushover, as weak, etc if you do this. So you're basically fucked either way.

Especially in today's world, there just isn't enough incentive in most cases for a man to take this on, and too much risk. You'd be better off waiting to find a single woman who hasn't had children yet, or simply staying single yourself. But as always it's up to each person to decide what's right for them, so no judgement to any man who has his reasons for doing it.

stomper4x4 · 2026-06-24T05:28:38+00:00

I'm done with this sub. It's devolved into some kind of 16 year old maturity level playground. Sorry to the mature 16 year olds I insulted.

This post is just nonsense. Sometimes it works, other times it doesn't. Just like regular marriages. How many kids come from broken homes, parents who didn't make it through.

I tell ya what, being a step dad is the best thing I ever did. And my now adult daughter will confirm it.

Anyway, the with the constant foolishness here, I'm out.

itsakon · 2026-06-24T02:15:27+00:00

This is stupid and has nothing to do with Men’s Rights.

youarockandnothing · 2026-06-24T06:48:28+00:00

I disagree with your reason. I do think that childless men born in the 21st century should think twice before dating a single mom because the % of childless women is higher than it used to be and it's not really fair to them when childless men get with women who already have kids.

NewmarketHero007 · 2026-06-24T17:45:42+00:00

Interesting perspective but this is no different than women saying don't date X men because of Y quality. Plenty of good single mothers out there.

What I will say is that it's probably more difficult these days to trust a single mother but that's less because of single mothers themselves and more of the societal changes that have emboldened toxicity in society over the past 40 years.

No_Shock2574 · 2026-06-23T22:54:43+00:00

You know there is nothing wrong with not being an alpha male. You can’t have all males trying to be alpha top dog

Careless-Tradition73 · 2026-06-26T12:40:54+00:00

As I see it, its not the step fathers job to replace the father. I have a partner with a son but I take on none of the fatherly duties, I just make sure my gf does her job of being a good mother.

PeytonManningsBurner · 2026-06-29T02:33:24+00:00

I’m a step dad and my wife and step kids love me. No issues. My wife respects me, the kids respect me. It’s all good over here.

Brave_Bluebird5042 · 2026-06-23T23:05:39+00:00

Original post sounds like hes come of a binge of RP. All the key trigger words.

A better way might be to say " Be careful and aware, in some situations...." yeah?

BhryaenDagger · 2026-06-23T22:41:03+00:00

Meh- depends on the mother. She may be a single mother due to the father’s death or the father’s exclusive responsibility… or may be a nitwit who divorced the father because she “just wasn’t feeling it” or some other feminism-addled pathology. Even if the likelihood of the latter is higher, it’s technically possible that she’s sane and would be a great person to get w.

I’ve got a skilled tradesman coworker who’s very happy after decades w his current wife having raised 2 kids that weren’t his own that love him and are very much in both of their lives. Working ok for him.

Not contradicting the OP points since they remain a risk, but they only apply proportional to the mother’s sociopathic tendencies.

brutusblack · 2026-06-24T03:55:31+00:00

You’re all nuts

CuboidCentric · 2026-06-24T06:42:01+00:00

If you can't get respect from your spouse or a child, that's not on them. Prove yourself.

If 'no kids' is a standard, that's fine. People are allowed to pick. But don't be sour and don't piss in everyone else's soup.

CharacterNo3115 · 2026-06-23T22:14:34+00:00

Why would I bring up Chads kids?

Future-Stretch-401 · 2026-06-24T01:28:15+00:00

This is based on the logic that a woman who has children by another man is a whore, and thinks of herself that way. This may be OPs opinion but women certainly don’t think that way; and considering that the father could be dead, in prison, or just a general scum bag I don’t think it is the default position of most men.

Rennmausliebhaber · 2026-06-24T01:06:24+00:00

Also for some reason it's a general perception that men aren't good parents, or that single dads can't be good enough???

HeligKo · 2026-06-24T06:16:02+00:00

You are describing the worst type of woman. I've had a very different experience.

wordjedi · 2026-06-24T07:06:42+00:00

I only dated one single mother for some months, and we were basically three unhappy people together. I'm a pretty nice guy so I was nice to her son but I guess I'm practical or cynical or something, and he never felt like he was my problem - her problem

Being married to her would have been working all day every day as normal, then coming home and my life is another list of chores I have to do (her son, her chores but some-fucking-how they got transferred to me)

What exactly does a single mother bring to a man's life in exchange for all that? her presence?

Emevete · 2026-06-24T14:46:29+00:00

As a rule one should never accept a relationship with a person wth childs, except when you aready have at least one... that shouldn t even be a discussion

Also, you are giving too much importance to "her respect" as something we have to beg for, value yourself and do whatever yo feel, they will always want more and mor anyways

sonickid101 · 2026-06-26T04:11:52+00:00

Why would you want to play someone else's corrupted save file? Single moms should be treated just like videogame demo's to be checked out played with for 5 minutes and then move on to go buy the real thing and play your own save file from the beginning.

squish059 · 2026-06-23T23:33:43+00:00

Im thinking only a strong and confident man will find joy and success in being a stepfather.

Looks like you missed the mark pal

Beljuril-home · 2026-06-24T00:53:20+00:00

When you become a Step Father the woman automatically loses respect for you the minute you accept the role because you are raising another man's child.

this is simply not true. what a crazy over the top generalization.

everything you framed as "necessary and inevitable" never happened in my family.

both step dads and step kids have plently of beneficial outcomes from thier relationships.

anitapokkaeurpeenus · 2026-06-23T21:46:13+00:00

I'm in the middle of becoming a step father. So far it's not that bad. I feel like "never" is a strong word.

First, my future step daughter is very young. She has multiple father figures in her life: me, her bio dad, her grandfather, and her uncle. We all treat her very well, we all buy her toys, we all discipline her if it's needed, we all bathe her or change her, etc. She really doesn't want for anything. When push comes to shove, her mother takes absolute responsibility, but she also includes us in decisions and asks for our input. I think we formed our own balance.

The number one downside is that if her mom and I break up, I could lose access to her entirely. I would have no legal right to see her whatsoever. It helps for me to think of her as my gf's daughter in the same way i think about my gf's father and mother. Like a "daughter in law" that I help care for. Or maybe I'm a super involved uncle.

The good thing is that I will never be on the hook for child support unless I adopt her and her father signs off (that's how it works in my state). I also didn't have to start a kid from scratch. I skipped most of the diaper phase.

She's actually really cute and makes the house very lively. I get to take care of her, but she never inconveniences my life (because we have so many childcare options). She's not expensive at all; she already had so many toys and clothes and everything when I met her gf. I'm kinda joking when I say this, but this step daughter is the most affordable child ever.

Overall, I like it. I think OP could be right under different circumstances, but it's worth looking into. Definitely a decent way to start a family in my opinion.

Organic-Mud-8728 · 2026-06-23T22:20:49+00:00

Very true

itsakon · 2026-06-24T04:46:15+00:00

I think that if a woman loses respect for you for raising a helpless kid, she’s an abnormal psycho to start with.

This is exactly how feminists see the world. Not everything comes down to these weird power games. It’s just like criminals and con artists- yes they’re out there, but people are normal too.

I’d agree that you have to be extra careful taking on a family, but millions of people do it every generation without evil stuff like this.

Former-Dragonfly2226 · 2026-06-24T12:20:06+00:00

I always found the whole step father label a massive misnomer, as only the biological dad is the father.
Perhaps on occasions where the mother has been widowed it is no one else's job than the dads to be a father to the children.

Eleutherlothario · 2026-06-23T22:02:03+00:00

This bullshit, and it's stupid bullshit. Any man who steps in to be a good father for a child without one is a hero. He is filling a role that another man abandoned.

RadicalRoses · 2026-06-24T02:22:34+00:00

This is exactly the same for women being step-mothers too. You said it perfectly.

Imoldok · 2026-06-24T03:00:51+00:00

Of course you all knew that George Washington was a Step Father right?

Agreeable_Noise112 · 2026-06-23T23:16:19+00:00

Your logic is Valid but we note that it differ from religious and secular groups

OnlyCommentWhenTipsy · 2026-06-24T13:59:31+00:00

Firstly, statistically speaking most single mothers are the type of person to destroy their family in pursuit of their happiness, so right there it's not a great choice.

Secondly, you're going to be expected to invest time, money, energy, and emotion into a child that could be taken away from you at any moment (see point 1)

Title	Never become a "Step Father"
Author	Connect_Quality_2030
Upvotes	352
Comments	201
Date	June 23, 2026 8:46 PM UTC (1 month ago)
Subreddit	Posted in /r/MensRights
Original Link	https://old.reddit.com/r/MensRights/comments/1udt0ua/never_become_a_step_father/
Archive Link	https://theredarchive.com/r/MensRights/never-become-a-step-father.1583480 https://theredarchive.com/post/1583480

Comments